Teacher Background Information

This elaboration provides students with an opportunity to understand how solutions to contemporary environmental issues in Australia are informed by First Nations Australians’ traditional ecological knowledges and fire management practices. Scientists and the broader community are implementing these practices to reduce uncontrolled bushfires, lower carbon emissions, and slow or prevent continued damage to the environment and danger to Australian communities.

For many thousands of years fire has been used to manage the Australian landscape and has influenced the way Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples have lived on and with their Country and Place. Many Australian ecosystems have adapted to regular fire management, and the biodiversity within these ecosystems is dependent on those fire regimes. Fire regimes traditionally implemented by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples fulfilled many requirements including: to clear the ground for travel and camp sites, to facilitate hunting by attracting animals with fresh grasses, and to ensure the plentiful supply of important food resources. European colonisers who interpreted burning of Country as an environmentally destructive practice prevented traditional fire regimes being implemented. This has resulted in an increase in the number of large, uncontrolled bushfires, greater soil erosion and soil salinity, and the intrusion of introduced weeds and feral animal populations. More recently, the importance of carefully controlled and managed fire regimes has been recognised as an essential tool to manage the Australian environment. Contemporary science is now looking to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Traditional Owners to develop solutions to these issues based on traditional ecological knowledges and practices. It is now recognised that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander fire practices can positively influence the Australian environment and inform future implementation of fire regimes.

Bushfires are a severe threat to the Australian environment and communities, damaging or destroying ecosystems, habitats, human lives and properties, and contributing to environmental pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Current research suggests that bushfires in Australia are increasing in number, intensity and severity due to a changing climate and changes in land management practices. The impact on communities is also significant with bushfires destroying property and homes, crops, livestock and infrastructure. It has been estimated that the economic impact of bushfires in Australia in the last 200 years exceeds $1.6 billion. The risk of bushfire and the extent of the landscape that is affected by an uncontrolled fire is dependent on several factors including the weather, type of vegetation and fuel load in the environment. In Australia on average approximately 50 million hectares of land are affected by bushfire every year.

The devastation that bushfires reap on Australian communities and ecosystems has led to a drive to implement strategies that will prevent such destruction. Traditional low intensity, slow burning fires that are intentionally set during cool seasons are carefully monitored and managed to reduce the leaf litter debris on the ground. A mosaic pattern of burning is placed through the landscape to reduce heavy fuel loads in these environments and to create firebreaks, preventing the possibility of a high intensity uncontrolled fire spreading in the area. 

Specially trained Indigenous rangers working with the Kimberley Land Council in north Western Australia use these long held and enduring practices in conjunction with modern technologies, such as satellite imaging, to reduce the possibility of uncontrolled bushfires in the region. The Tjuntjuntjara Peoples in the Great Victoria Desert region implement small controlled fires in strategic locations to alter the path and minimise the impact of bushfires. The benefit of traditional land management practices can be seen in Tathra on the south coast of New South Wales. Since 2017, the Bega Local Aboriginal Land Council has implemented traditional cultural burn practices to manage the land. An area of more than three hectares of land was strategically burnt by Aboriginal fire practitioners, using methods informed by traditional knowledge, before a bushfire swept through the region in 2018. Six months after the bushfire, native grasses had sprouted on the land that had been strategically managed by traditional fire management techniques, while burnt areas not strategically managed by traditional fire management techniques remained scorched and unviable. 

The risk of uncontrolled bushfires is significantly increased in areas where introduced grasses such as buffel and gamba grasses have spread uncontrollably, increasing the fuel load in the environment. The introduced grasses, intended as pasture for livestock, were selected based on rapid growth rates, hardiness, prolific seed production and seed dispersal, as well as their nutritional value. However, these properties facilitated the uncontrolled spread through vast areas of Australia, displacing native vegetation and contributing to ground level fuel loads. Compared with native grasses, gamba grass has a higher photosynthetic rate – using sunlight more efficiently to produce more biomass. This higher biomass means that the ground level fuel load increases in areas where these grasses predominate and produces fire of greater intensity. Gamba grass, for example, facilitates fire of up to 48,000 kilowatts per metre compared with 2,000 kilowatts per metre for native grass. Without the removal or control of such fuel on the ground, large amounts of combustible material can accumulate. 

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples have long used fire as a means of clearing land and ensuring that fuel loads are minimised to reduce the potential of high intensity bushfires. The Bidwell Peoples of the Gippsland region in Victoria were observed by early European explorers to set fires for the purpose of burning off dry grass, while in other parts of south east Australia fires were set to burn off old grass, leaves and fallen branches. Such practices are now being reintroduced in areas where the risk of high intensity fires is high. The careful and controlled application of fire by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples is complex and considers factors such as the extent of the land to be covered, the season and ground moisture. These factors ensure that the low intensity fire remains controlled and is effective in removing the fuel load from the environment, thus reducing the risk of a bushfire in the region.

This elaboration provides students with the opportunity to learn how the traditional ecological knowledges and practices of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples are being consulted to solve current environmental problems in Australia. Students learn how the deep and enduring scientific knowledges of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples are informing land management practices that impact the Australian community.